I-Cobalt yintsimbi esetyenziswa kwiibhetri ezininzi zeemoto zombane.Iindaba kukuba uTesla uya kusebenzisa iibhetri "ezingenayo i-cobalt", kodwa luhlobo luni lwe "resource" i-cobalt?Ndiza kushwankathela kulwazi olusisiseko ofuna ukuyazi.
Igama layo lizimbiwa zeNgqungquthela Ephuma kwiDemon
Ngaba uyayazi into yecobalt?Ayiqulethwe kuphela kwiibhetri zezithuthi zombane (EVs) kunye nee-smartphones, kodwa zikwasetyenziswa kwii-alloys zetsimbi ze-cobalt ezinganyangekiyo ezifana neenjini zejet kunye ne-drill bits, iimagnethi zezithethi, kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, ukucocwa kweoli.I-Cobalt ibizwa ngegama elithi "Kobold," i-monster ehlala ivela kwi-science fiction, kwaye kwakukholelwa kwiYurophu yamandulo ukuba baphosa umlingo emigodini ukudala isinyithi esinzima kunye netyhefu.ilungile lo nto.
Ngoku, nokuba zikhona okanye azikho izilo ezikhulu emgodini, i-cobalt iyityhefu kwaye inokubangela iingozi ezinzulu zempilo ezifana ne-pneumoconiosis ukuba awunxibanga izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela.Kwaye nangona iDemocratic Republic of Congo ivelisa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-cobalt yehlabathi, imigodi encinci (i-Artisanal mine) apho abantu abahluphekileyo abangenayo imisebenzi bemba imingxuma ngezixhobo ezilula ngaphandle koqeqesho lokhuseleko.), Iingozi zokuwa zenzeke rhoqo, abantwana banyanzelwa ukuba basebenze ixesha elide kunye nomvuzo ophantsi malunga nama-yen angama-200 ngosuku, kwaye i-Amatsu ingumthombo wemali kumaqela axhobileyo, ngoko i-cobalt ihambisana negolide, i-tungsten, i-tin, kunye tantalum., zabizwa ngokuba ziiminerali zongquzulwano.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokusasazeka kwe-EVs kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-ion, kwiminyaka yakutshanje iinkampani zehlabathi ziye zaqala ukuphanda ukuba i-cobalt eveliswa ngeendlela ezingafanelekanga, kubandakanywa ne-chain chain ye-cobalt oxide kunye ne-cobalt hydroxide, isetyenziswa.
Ngokomzekelo, iibhetri ezinkulu ze-CATL kunye ne-LG Chem zithatha inxaxheba kwi-China ekhokelwa yi-"Responsible Cobalt Initiative (RCI)", eyona nto isebenzela ukuphelisa umsebenzi wabantwana.
Ngo-2018, i-Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA), umbutho wezorhwebo we-cobalt, wasekwa njengenyathelo lokukhuthaza ukungafihli kunye nokusemthethweni kwenkqubo yemigodi ye-cobalt.Abathathi-nxaxheba baquka i-Tesla, esebenzisa iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, i-German EV startup Sono Motors, i-Swiss resource giant Glencore, kunye ne-China Huayu Cobalt.
Ukujonga eJapan, iSumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd., ethengisa izinto ezintle ze-electrode kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion ukuya kwi-Panasonic, yaseka "Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuThengiswa ngokuBusa kweMpahla ye-Cobalt Raw" ngo-Agasti ka-2020 kwaye yaqala ukukhuthala kunye nokubeka iliso.emazantsi.
Kwixesha elizayo, njengoko iinkampani ezinkulu ziza kusungula iiprojekthi zemigodi ezilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo emva kwenye, abasebenzi kuya kufuneka bathathe umngcipheko kwaye bangene kwimigodi emincinci, kwaye imfuno iya kuhla kancinci kancinci.
Ukunqongophala okucacileyo kwecobalt
Okwangoku, inani le-EVs lisencinci, kunye ne-7 yezigidi kuphela, kuquka i-2.1 yezigidi ezithengiswa emhlabeni wonke ngo-2019. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elipheleleyo leenjini zeenjini emhlabeni kuthiwa yi-1 billion okanye i-1.3 billion. kwaye ukuba iimoto zepetroli ziyapheliswa kwaye zitshintshwe ngee-EVs kwixesha elizayo, kuya kufuneka isixa esikhulu se-cobalt cobalt oxide kunye ne-cobalt hydroxide.
Isixa sisonke se-cobalt esetyenziswe kwiibhetri ze-EV ngo-2019 yayiziitoni ezingama-19,000, okuthetha ukuba umyinge we-9 kg ye-cobalt yayifuneka kwisithuthi ngasinye.Ukwenza i-1 yeebhiliyoni ze-EV kunye ne-9 kg nganye ifuna i-9 yezigidi zeetoni ze-cobalt, kodwa oovimba behlabathi bebonke bangama-7.1 ezigidi zeetoni kuphela, kwaye njengoko kukhankanyiwe ekuqaleni, iitoni eziyi-100,000 kwamanye amashishini minyaka le.Ekubeni iyintsimbi esetyenziswa kakhulu, ibonakala iphelile njengoko injalo.
Ukuthengiswa kwe-EV kulindeleke ukuba kukhule ngokuphindwe kalishumi kwi-2025, kunye nemfuno yonyaka yeetoni ezingama-250,000, kubandakanywa neebhetri ezingaphakathi kwemoto, i-alloys ekhethekileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo.Nokuba imfuno ye-EV iyancitshiswa, iya kuphelelwa ngabo bonke oovimba abaziwayo ngoku kwiminyaka engama-30.
Ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, abaphuhlisi beebhetri basebenza nzima imini nobusuku malunga nendlela yokunciphisa inani le-cobalt.Umzekelo, iibhetri ze-NMC ezisebenzisa i-nickel, manganese, kunye ne-cobalt ziphuculwa yi-NMC111 (nickel, manganese, kunye ne-cobalt yi-1: 1. Isixa se-cobalt siye sacuthwa ngokuthe chu ukusuka ku-1: 1) ukuya kwi-NMC532 kunye ne-NMC811, kunye ne-NMC9. I-5.5 (umlinganiselo we-cobalt ngu-0.5) okwangoku uphantsi kophuhliso.
I-NCA (i-nickel, i-cobalt, i-aluminium) esetyenziswe nguTesla inomxholo we-cobalt onqunywe kwi-3%, kodwa i-Model 3 eveliswe e-China isebenzisa i-cobalt-free lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP).Kukwakho namabanga amkelweyo.Nangona i-LFP ingaphantsi kwe-NCA ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza, ineempawu zemathiriyeli ephantsi, unikezelo oluzinzileyo, kunye nobomi obude.
Kwaye kwi "Tesla Battery Day" ecwangcisiweyo ukusuka nge-6: 30 kusasa nge-23 kaSeptemba 2020 ngexesha laseTshayina, ibhetri entsha engena-cobalt iya kubhengezwa, kwaye iya kuqalisa imveliso eninzi kunye nePanasonic kwiminyaka embalwa.Kulindeleke.
Ngendlela, eJapan, "iintsimbi ezinqabileyo" kunye "nemihlaba enqabileyo" zihlala zididekile.Izinyithi ezinqabileyo zisetyenziswa kushishino kuba “ukuqinisekisa unikezelo oluzinzileyo kubalulekile ngokwemigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo phakathi kwesinyithi obuninzi bazo emhlabeni bunqabile okanye kunzima ukukhupha ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa nezoqoqosho (uMphathiswa wezoQoqosho, uRhwebo kunye noShishino)”.Yintsimbi engekhoyo ehlala isetyenziswa, kwaye ligama eliqhelekileyo kwiintlobo ze-31 ezibandakanya i-lithium, i-titanium, i-chromium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-platinum, kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo.Kwezi, umhlaba onqabileyo ubizwa ngokuba yimihlaba enqabileyo, kwaye iintlobo ezili-17 ezinjenge-neodymium kunye ne-dysprosium ezisetyenziselwa iimagnethi ezisisigxina zichaziwe.
Ngasemva kokunqongophala kobutyebi be-cobalt, i-cobalt metal sheet & powder, kunye ne-cobalt compounds ezifana ne-cobaltous chloride nokuba i-hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride ayifumanekanga.
Ikhefu elinoxanduva kwi-cobalt
Njengoko ukusebenza okufunekayo kwi-EVs kwanda, kulindeleke ukuba iibhetri ezingadingi i-cobalt, njengeebhetri ze-solid-state kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-sulfur, ziya kuguquka kwixesha elizayo, ngoko ke ngethamsanqa asicingi ukuba izibonelelo ziya kuphelelwa. .Nangona kunjalo, oko kuthetha ukuba imfuno ye-cobalt iya kuwa kwenye indawo.
Ukuguquka kuya kufika kwi-5 kwiminyaka eyi-10 ekuqaleni, kwaye iinkampani ezinkulu zemigodi zinqabile ukwenza utyalo-mali olude kwi-cobalt.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba sibona isiphelo, sifuna abasebenzi basezimayini basekuhlaleni bashiye indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kunangaphambi kweqamza le-cobalt.
Kwaye iibhetri zezithuthi zombane ngoku ezikwimarike nazo zifuna ukuphinda zisetyenziswe emva kokuba zigqibe umsebenzi wazo kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwengama-20 kamva, eyiRedwood eyasekwa nguSumitomo Metals kunye nowayesakuba ligosa eliyintloko lobuchwephesha likaTesla uJB Strobel.-Izinto eziphathekayo kunye nabanye sele sele basungule iteknoloji yokubuyisela i-cobalt kwaye baya kuphinda bayisebenzise kunye nezinye izixhobo.
Nokuba imfuno yezibonelelo ezithile inyuka okwethutyana kwinkqubo yokuvela kwezithuthi zombane, siya kujongana nokuzinza kunye namalungelo oluntu abasebenzi ngokuqinileyo njenge-cobalt, kwaye asiyi kuthenga ingqumbo yeKobolts elele emqolombeni.Ndingathanda ukuqukumbela eli bali ngethemba lokuba luluntu.